Isomers and Funtional Groups

Isomer: same molecular formula, different structure and properties

3 types of isomers:
1. structural
2. geometric
3. enantiomer
Functional group: reactive part of a molecule
- hydroxyl
- carbonyl
- carboxyl
- amino
- sulfhydryl
- phosphate

Acid and Bases

Acid: more hydrogen, less hydroxide
Base: more Hydroxide, less hydrogen
Buffers: compounds used to maintain a constant pH within a system.

Water

water is solvent
sugar and tea are solute

cohesion: water molecule attracted to other water molecules (polar)
adhesion: water molecule attracted to other substances
surface tension: water together creating the smallest surface area
capillary action: cohesion and adhesion working together moving the water molecule

water has high heat capacity
water as gas: most dense
water as solid: least dense

Bonds

There are 2 types of bonds:
- covalent bond
- ionic bond

covalent bond is a bond between 2 non-metals
ionic bond is a bond between a metal and a non-metal

in ionic bond, the metal looses an electron to the non-metal while in covalent the non-metals share their valence electrons

cation: when an atom looses its electron (s), becoming positively charged
anion: when an atom gains electron (s), becoming negatively charged

Electronegativity: attraction between an atom and the bonding electron (s). It only occurs in covalent bonds not ionic bonds. When there is an unequal attraction between two bonding atoms, it is called the polar covalent bond. When it is equal, it is known as the non-polar covalent bond.

Hydrogen bond: attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom (also called the intermolecular bond).
There are 3 types of intermolecular bond (Van Der Waals Forces).
1. London forces
2. Dipole - dipole forces
3. Hydrogen bonds

Cell Theory

- cells are the basic unit of life
- organisms are composed of cells
- cells come from pre-existing cells